When was robinson projection made

For an ellipsoid, the Robinson variant uses an authalic radius and the Robinson ArcInfo variant uses the semimajor axis for the radius. Robinson, A. Snyder, J. Flattening the Earth. Two Thousand Years of Map Projections. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. An Album of Map Projections.

Geological Survey Professional Paper Feedback on this topic? Back to Top. Beyond these limits, shape distortion can be quite severe. The poles are shown as straight lines 0. These east and west edges are markedly less curved than are the edges of other pseudocylindrical projections the result being that the Robinson projection generally suffers from less shearing than do other pseudocylindrical projections.

Tearing occurs along the edges of a Robinson map. Compression: Robinson projections are not equivalent; they do suffer from compression. The great attraction of the projection is that the Earth appears as if viewed form space or a globe. This is a conformal projection in that shapes are well preserved over the map, although extreme distortions do occur towards the edge of the map.

One interesting feature of the Stereographic projection is that any straight line which runs through the centre point is a Great Circle. The advantage of this is that for a place of interest e. Canberra, the capital city of Australia a map which uses the Stereographic projection and is centred on that place of interest true distances can be calculated to other places of interest e. His mathematics was considered revolutionary for its time and is still considered important today.

Today the Lambert Conformal Conic projection has become a standard projection for mapping large areas small scale in the mid-latitudes — such as USA, Europe and Australia. It has also become particularly popular with aeronautical charts such as the , scale World Aeronautical Charts map series. This projection commonly used two Standard Parallels lines of latitudes which are unevenly spaced concentric circles.

The projection is conformal in that shapes are well preserved for a considerable extent near to the Standard Parallels. For world maps the shapes are extremely distorted away from Standard Parallels. Distances are only true along the Standard Parallels. Across the whole map directions are generally true. One of the most famous map projections is the Mercator, created by a Flemish cartographer and geographer, Geradus Mercator in It became the standard map projection for nautical purposes because of its ability to represent lines of constant true direction.

Constant true direction means that the straight line connecting any two points on the map is the same direction that a compass would show. In an era of sailing ships and navigation based on direction only, this was a vitally important feature of this projection. Its construction is such that the lines of longitude and latitude are at right angles to each other — this means that a world map is always a rectangle.

Also, the lines of longitude are evenly spaced apart. But the distance between the lines of latitude increase away from the Equator. This relationship is what allows the direction between any two points on the map to be constant true direction. Computer assisted cartography played an essential role in the trial-and-error development of the table of transformation parameters and so represents an early use of computers in the evolution of cartography.

The Manifold team would like to thank Tau Rho Alpha, a prolific cartographer over many years with USGS for his assistance in helping us gain access to the algorithms used in the Robinson projection.

Alpha generously took a stranger under his wing and helped us track down the data we needed.